Jonathan Gray

Thank you, Steve. Good morning, everyone. Over the past several quarters, we've been advancing along the path we outlined for investors as we emerge from the high cost of capital environment. We are pleased to see our business progressing on this path, especially the strong investment performance with broad-based acceleration across the firm.
First, we said we would deploy significant capital ahead of the all-clear signs, as we believe some of the best investments are made during times of uncertainty. In Q3, for the second consecutive quarter, we invested or committed to over $50 billion, the highest in more than two years. New commitments were concentrated in some of our favorite [thematic] neighborhoods, including digital infrastructure, renewable energy and power solutions, and enterprise software.
Our largest commitment in the quarter was the AirTrunk, as Steve noted, across multiple Blackstone funds. In private equity, we agreed to acquire work management software company, Smartsheet, for $8.4 billion, representing one of the largest take-private of the year. And our credit business had its second busiest deployment quarter in history, investing over $18 billion, up more than 50% from Q2, driven by significant activity in global direct lending as well as our infrastructure and asset-based credit strategies.
Turning to the second key development we've been highlighting, the recovery underway in commercial real estate. In January, we made the call that values in this sector were bottoming. This informed our decision to invest or commit $22 billion in real estate in the first nine months of the year, nearly 2.5 times the same period last year. Our $30 billion global flagship fund is now nearly 40% committed. Green Street's index and private real estate values has increased each quarter since all the public real estate market has rallied sharply.
Liquidity in the private market is also improving meaningfully, providing the foundation for greater transaction activity. At same time, new construction starts are falling dramatically for most types of real estate, including declines of approximately 40% to 75% from recent peak levels in logistics and US apartment buildings, our two largest sectors and real estate.
While the recovery will play out over time, the combination of lower base rates, lower borrowing spreads, and lower new supply makes the direction of travel quite positive for our real estate business. The third key development we 've been speaking about regularly is the secular rise of private credit and the integrated platform we've been building to offer clients and borrowers a one-stop solution across the full spectrum of credit strategies.
Today, we manage the largest third-party private credit business in the world with $432 billion across corporate and real estate credit, up a remarkable 20% year over year. We have one of the largest, if not the largest businesses in direct lending, CLOs, real estate debt, and private investment grade credit. Total inflows across the combined platform were over $100 billion in the last 12 months.
In our non-investment grade strategies, even as base rates move lower, there continues to be significant opportunity to generate excess returns for clients relative to liquid markets. Meanwhile, we expect lower base rates will be supportive of the transaction activity and deployment. Importantly, private credit markets are expanding rapidly beyond financing M&A, and what we're seeing is a dramatic increase in demand for all forms of investment grade private credit, including from many of the largest insurance company and institutions in the world.
Our farm-to-table approach, which brings investors directly to borrowers results in a strong value proposition for clients. In the insurance channel, our business has grown to $221 billion, up 24% year over year, including four strategic relationships and 20 additional SMA clients. We placed or originated a record, $38 billion of A-rated credits on average year-to-date for our private [IG-focused] clients, up nearly 70%, which generated approximately 185 basis points of excess spread versus comparably rated liquid credits.
Overall, Blackstone's scale and reach create extraordinary connectivity with borrowers across the market, resulting in more opportunities to originate high-quality private credit investments. Our equity and debt strategies to operate in multi-trillion dollar markets that generate enormous flow of investment grade debt, often where Blackstone is the leading player, including data centers, energy infrastructure, and real estate.
In the energy area, we estimate we were a lead financing provider for nearly 15% of all renewable projects in the US in the last 12 months. We've also established contractual relationships and forward flow agreements with banks and other originators across a wide range of areas, including credit card receivables, home improvement, [fund] finance and equipment finance. We are building a third-party performing credit juggernaut, and we expect our business to grow significantly from here.
The four key development we've been talking about is our momentum in private wealth, Following a challenging two-year period for markets, we've seen a robust reacceleration of sales in 2024. We raised $21 billion in the channel year-to-date through September, nearly double what we raised from individuals in the same period last year, including $18 billion for the perpetual vehicles.
BCRED led the way with over $9 billion raised in the first nine months of 2024, including $3 billion in the third quarter. BXPE is approaching $6 billion, only nine months after launch. And for BREP, flows are trending favorably, as Steve discussed. We're also in the process of launching two more private wealth perpetual vehicles in credit and infrastructure as we noted previously.
With the track record of our products, the depth of our relationships with financial advisors and their clients, and the strength of the Blackstone brand, we are more confident about our prospects in this channel and ever. In addition to private wealth, momentum is building in our drawdown fund area with a number of exciting new initiatives in front of us. The [recent] activity from our limited partners feels more positive today than in the past several years.
We will soon complete fundraising for a number of our flagship vehicles, including corporate private equity, private equity, energy transition, European real estate, and real estate deb. In credit, we recently launched fundraising for the successor to our $9 billion opportunistic strategy, with initial closings of $2.4 billion. And in our equity-oriented business, we've launched or will soon launch fundraising for the next vintages of three highly successful strategies, our $22 billion private equity, secondary strategy, $6 billion private equity, Asia strategy, and $5 billion life sciences strategy.
We expect the successors to be at least as large or larger than the current vintages. Also worth noting, as of this week, we've closed on EUR1 billion for our new open-ended Europe-focused infrastructure vehicle, a very promising development. Finally, alongside these multiple positive developments unfolding in our business, something that is not changing is our commitment to our capital-light, brand-heavy, open architecture model. We rely on our track record, our people, and the power of our brand and to grow.
The firm's balance sheet investments comprise less than 1% of AUM. We have virtually no net debt. No insurance liabilities, and a share count that is almost unchanged over the past seven years despite the extraordinary growth we've achieved. We've done that while also returning 100% of earnings to shareholders over this period through dividends and share repurchases totaling over $30 billion.
In closing, the firm is in terrific shape by any measure. We have powerful tailwinds at our back and the virtuous cycle underpinning our business is accelerating. With that, I'll turn things over to Michael Chae.

Michael Chae

Thanks, John, and good morning, everyone. The firm delivered strong results in the third quarter. And as we've highlighted previously, we are moving toward a meaningful step-up in the firm's earnings power.
I will first review financial results and will then discuss investment performance and the outlook. Starting with results. The firm's extraordinary breadth continues to power AUM to new record levels. Total AUM increased 10% year over year to $1.1 trillion of inflows of $41 billion in the third quarter and $167 billion over the last 12 months. Fee-earning inflows were $161 billion for the LTM period, lifting fee earning AUM by 12% to $820 billion.
We activated the investment periods for our corporate private equity and PE energy transition flagships in the second quarter and our infrastructure secondary strategy in the third quarter, representing two $26 billion of fee AUM in average. These vehicles were in the respected fee holidays for most or all of Q3, depending on the strategy.
Notwithstanding the temporary impact from these fee holidays, management fees in the third quarter increased 8% year over year to a record $1.8 billion. And the forward outlook is quite positive, which I'll discuss in a moment. Fee-related earnings were $1.2 billion in the third quarter or $0.96 per share, up 5% year over year, underpinned by the growth in management fees. Our firm also generated $264 million of fee-related performance revenues in the third quarter.
These revenues included $186 million in the credit and insurance segment, up 27% year over year, reflective of a steadily growing contribution from our direct lending business, along with the contribution from a co-investment vehicle and the PPP platform. Distributable earnings were $1.3 billion in the third quarter or $1.1 per common share, up 7% on a per-share basis.
Net realizations are $226 million in the quarter, primarily generated by the [sale] of public stock of an India-based retail rate and [certain] energy positions, along with proceeds from other public and private holdings.
Overall disposition activity has remained more limited in the current environment, characterized by nearly three-year period of lower activity levels in the broader capital markets.
However, we are optimistic about a meaningfully more constructive environment for realizations in 2025. Moving to investment performance. Our funds generated the highest overall dollar appreciation in three years in the third quarter, highlighted by corporate private equity and infrastructure. The corporate PE funds appreciated 6.2% in the quarter and 15% over the last 12 months.
Our operating companies overall reported stable mid-single digit year-over-year revenue growth in the quarter, along with continued notable margin strength.
Infrastructure reported 5.5% appreciation in the third quarter and 18% for the LTM period, with significant gains across digital transportation and energy infrastructure. Our data center platform was again the single largest driver appreciation in our infrastructure and real estate businesses and for the firm overall in the third quarter.
Our co-mingled BIP strategy has generated 16% net returns annually since inception, powering continued robust growth. Our total BIP platform AUM increasing 32% year over year to $53 billion. Our credit business also reported another strong quarter against a healthy backdrop for private debt markets. Our non-investment grade private credit strategies generated a gross return of 3.6% in the quarter and 17% for the LTM period. The default rate across are 2,000-plus (inaudible) grade credits was left in 50 basis points for the last 12 months.
Our multi-asset investing platform, BXMA, reported a 2.2% gross return for the absolute return composites, the 18th consecutive quarter of positive performance and 12% for the last 12 months. In real estate, values were stable overall in the third quarter, supported by strength in data centers, rental housing, and global logistics, offset primarily by a decline in the unrealized value of our interest rate hedges as treasury yields fell in the quarter.
These hedges, which locked in low cost fixed rate financing ahead of the rise in interest rates had the effect of reducing appreciation in the third quarter by approximately 50 basis points for the opportunistic funds and 200 basis points for the Core+ funds. Within Core+, BREIT's [class-up] Class I net return was flat in the third quarter, but positive 2.3% excluding the effect of its interest rate hedge.
Finally, outside of firm's major report business lines, we have a number of strategies in various stages of development that have been generating outstanding results. I'll highlight two of them. Our GP Stakes platform appreciated 12.6% in Q3 and 31% over the last 12 months, reflecting the attractiveness in investing and high-quality alternative managements.
And our life sciences funds appreciated 5.9% in the third quarter and 28% for the LTM period, benefiting from key milestones achieved from multiple treatments under development, including medicines for the prevention of heart failure and arrhythmia, along with a vaccine for pneumonia.
The firm's investment performance lifted net accrued performance revenue on the balance sheet, up 13% sequentially from Q2 to $7 billion, or $5.72 per share, the highest level in two years. Meanwhile, performance revenue, eligible AUM, and the [gram] increase with a record $553 billion. These are strong indicators of future realizations potential.
Turning to the outlook. We entered [today], a material step-up in FRE in the fourth quarter, driven by several factors. These include the onset of full management fees from multiple funds exiting fee holidays. We also expect robust growth and fee-related performance revenues, in particular, from a scheduled crystallization event for the co-mingled BIP infrastructure strategy, comprising the substantial portion of the strategies associated net-fee related performance revenue accrual on the balance sheet.
We do expect to sequentially lower FRE margin in Q4 compared to Q3 related to the infrastructure, crystallization and other seasonal expense factors. But for the full year 2024, as we noted last quarter, we continue to expect margin to be within a reasonable range of 2023.
In closing, looking forward to 2025 and beyond. We have powerful momentum across the firm and the outlook for Blackstone is very positive.
With that, we thank you for joining the call. I'd like to open it up now for questions.

Question and Answer Session

Operator

Thank you. (Operator Instructions) Michael Cyprys, Morgan Stanley.

Michael Cyprys

Hey, good morning. Thanks for taking the question. But maybe just on insurance platform continues to grow nicely there. So hoping you could maybe comment on the opportunity on both fronts on the strategic partnership side with the existing partners, how you're helping them grow? How are the conversations progressing for new potential relationships?
And then on the regular way third-party size that you mentioned, 20 or so separate accounts, if you could help size that part of the business today and how you envision that continuing to grow from here? Thank you.

Jonathan Gray

Thank you, Mike. So the overall insurance business, as we noted, $221 billion, up 24% year on year. We do have these four strategic relationships, 20 SMAs. I would say the dialogue with insurance companies is exceptionally strong. On the strategic side, those take time. You need to find a party who is interested in doing something broader.
We continue to have dialogues. It's hard to predict when and how those will happen. On the SMA side, we're just seeing more insurance companies, recognizing the benefit of investment grade private credit, particularly in the asset-based space. As you know, they've always done commercial real estate on a private basis.
Some have done private placements, but the movement into this $25 trillion asset-based arena, feels like it's in its very early days, and we have been meeting with CIOs on a regular basis. (inaudible) large who runs our credit insurance business came from this area and his past has terrific relationships and we're continuing to build out our capabilities.
And I would just say the tenor of the conversation is very open and it starts with $500 million commitment. We fill that up, it can grow over time. You add to that the strategic relationships where we've got contractual flows coming in and hopefully some new partners over time.
It's hard to put a number on it, but it feels like to us, this should continue to grow at a very high rate for the foreseeable future because when you look at the insurance companies, their allocations are still pretty small to the area.
And the 185 basis points of excess return for A-rated paper is very valuable to them. And so, I would say the optimism around this space for us is very high. And then of course, the open architecture model is helpful. We're not in the market selling annuities. We are a third party investment manager, and that definitely helps the conversations and helps our momentum here.

Michael Cyprys

Great. Thank you.

Operator

Mike Brown, Wells Fargo Securities.

Michael Brown

Hi, good morning. Something -- if you could expand on the increase in the operating expenses this quarter, how much is driven by placement fees and where could that go? And then, if we think about the embedded FRE growth for 2025, how should we think about how that operating leverage should drive margin expansion next year? Could it be north of, call it 100 basis points? It's what you've had historically we delivered over the years. Thank you.

Michael Chae

Sure. Thanks, Mike. Good morning. On the operating expense growth, it was -- a few items to note, it's a mix of different elements. First, there is a third-party servicer fees related to our signature debt portfolio acquisitions. Second, as you noted, placement fees primarily related to BXP. And then there are some initiative-driven consulting spends and some other items.
These are obviously all associated with very compelling growth areas, but they did add to OpEx. And I'd say adjusting for these items, the underlying growth in OpEx is running fairly close to last year, which was very low-double digits. And I would say for Q4, we would expect a lower rate of growth year over year than what you're seeing in Q3.
So that's I would say, the overall outlook on that in some of the background. In terms of 2025 margins, as you know, it's sort of -- it's early on that. We don't like to get too granular, especially this early. I would just say that given the overall drivers of both the top line and our expense structure, we continue to feel very good about the idea of stability as a starting point in the short term and then upside from there. And over the long term, continuing operating leverage.

Operator

Glenn Schorr, Evercore.

Glenn Schorr

Hi, thanks. Big picture and Blackstone-specific question on the asset [backwards]. So I wonder if you could size the aspect opportunity in your mind in terms of maybe put it in relative terms. So what we've seen in the direct lending markets, just multiples bigger in the range of the same size or something like that.
And then for you specifically, you talked about the different pieces of your juggernaut. I'm curious if you think relative to that backdrop, that we could be looking at in terms of share shift from the banks, do you think you've done enough to get your fair share in terms of bank partnerships and honing our third-party origination piecing it together for that juggernaut? Thanks.

Jonathan Gray

Thanks, Glenn. So I would say, to size it up, if you look at the leveraged finance world, it's roughly a $5 trillion universe today. About a third of that is in high yield. A third of that is in leveraged lending. And a third of that is in direct lending. And it certainly feels like direct lending will continue to get more share because of the certainty we can deliver to borrowers and that farm-to-table approach.
But that's that universe. And we have $120 billion platform in that space. If you compare that to the asset-based world, including commercial real estate, residential real estate, transportation, digital infrastructure, energy, fund finance, that whole world, we estimate that at $25 trillion. And whereas, private players have a third of the leveraged finance world, which is a much smaller world we just described of that $25 trillion.
I think we're -- private players today are 1%, 2% of that. So the multiple in terms of scale is much larger and the penetration is much lower. And that's the reason why you heard that in enthusiasm from me on the insurance side because these clients see the opportunity. And I think over time, it's going to move beyond insurance.
We're having good dialogue with pension clients. I think we'll see sovereign wealth funds start to do this as well. It's probably less of an individual investor market. But I think almost all institutions will look at this premium they can get from making asset-based loans and at the same -- or lower risk and will choose to do some of this. And that means that number can grow a lot.
And as we get the scale, we can speak for our whole transactions. Billion, $2 billion, $3 billion, put it among start 20 different clients today. And that creates a really good cycle for us. So I'd say overall, I think this market can grow a lot. I would expect our numbers here to grow a lot. On the bank partnership front, what I would say is, we can't have a bias for do-it-yourself, but there are areas where partnerships makes sense.
So for us, direct lending where we have so much scale, wouldn't make a lot of sense. But definitely in certain origination areas, and we've done partnerships in terms of home improvement loans. We've done some in fund finance with some banks. We've done a number of things with originators in certain verticals. I think we'll continue to do more of those.
We haven't done as many announcements, but we have a lot of orders in the water in terms of origination. I think our origination volume in investment grade private was up 40% year on year. So this is an area where we have a lot of momentum. The other thing that I think it's important to remember is our scale as an equity investor, Massive scale and digital infrastructure, in real estate, in energy. The relationships we have there, that deal flow is very helpful to our credit business as well.
So we feel good about what we're doing. Will we find some more partnership in specific areas? Yes. Will we continue to build out our own origination capabilities? Yes, we still think there's a long way to go.

Operator

Craig Siegenthaler, Bank of America.

Craig Siegenthaler

Good morning, Steve, Jon, Michael. Hope everyone's doing well. We have a big picture question on the investing pipeline, and we heard a lot of positive commentary in the prepared remarks. But it looks like '25 will be a lot stronger overall, so they wanted your perspective on two key points.
One, how much is the November election delay investment decisions into next year? And two, is the backdrop broadly more favorable in real estate or private equity given the declining [SAP], those discount rates and cap rates?

Jonathan Gray

So I would say on the election, we haven't really seen a slowdown. I mean, I do think there are some folks who are waiting to launch to get through the election. So maybe sellers or IPOs have been a little bit delayed, either later into the fourth quarter, first quarter, so -- I haven't seen people pulling back from buying, but it's probably delayed a few sales processes and that should be a good sign for deal activity.
In terms of relative pickup in activity. Percentage-wise, is probably real estate because it was coming off such a low base. And we've now seen borrowing spreads and borrowing costs come down a ton.
But I think in both areas you're going to see a pickup in activity. And you have all the conditions, sort of the recipe for more transaction activity. Base rates, both at the long and short ends have come down. I think they'll come down further on the short end as the Fed eases. Spreads have tightened a bunch. I mean, we were looking for high yield today between spread in base rates, down 300 basis points.
In some cases in real estate, down 400 basis points, really meaningful movement. And that is obviously very helpful for transaction activity. A strong equity market, of course, helps things in people's confidence. And then I would say investors, of course, their sentiment is improving as well. So I think we've been a little ahead of the curve in our investing before the all-clear sign. Steve talked about $120 billion we've invested, but it feels looks like things are picking up.
And anecdotally, I was talking with the private equity guys from the last day or so. And the number of nondisclosure agreements, confidentiality agreements, is up 2.5 fold in September versus where it was a year ago. Now that doesn't necessarily mean that's going to turn into that volume of deals. But it clearly shows you there is more enthusiasm. And we know in the private equity world, there's a lot of companies that need to be sold, similar story in real estate.
So it feels like there's a lot of pent-up demand for realizations for DPI. And I think we'll see that in 2025.

Operator

Alex Bolstein, Goldman Sachs.

Alexander Bolstein

Hey, Jon. Good morning, everybody. Maybe piggybacking on that a little bit and zoning in on real estate a little more specifically. It's obviously very encouraging, conditions improving.
Can you talk a little bit about your outlook over the next 12 to 18 months in terms of Blackstone being a net buyer or a net seller of real estate assets? And maybe a little bit on which asset classes in particular, you expect to be more active in on both sides of that equation?

Jonathan Gray

Well, we definitely have been a net buyer or [heir] over the last nine months. And we do think that the sentiment is improving, but it's still negative. And people look at the headlines from sort of the wreckage from the past and that concerns them and they're waiting to see, hey, is it safe to go back in? We tend to be in the seed-planting mode for that.
But at the same time, as we look into next year, as the public reach rally, as debt becomes more available at lower costs, we're seeing more people show up. So we've seen, call it two to three times the number of buyers showing up to buy things like apartments in logistics. So I think the balance in share has been very heavy towards the investing relative to the harvesting.
I think that will start to balance out. Still probably more investing earlier on as we work through the year. I would then expect to see more realizations. In terms of sectors, we like -- we continue to be heavily leaning towards areas like logistics, where the global trends long term, particularly as we get through this supply bubble, we think we'll look very good.
Rental housing. There's a shortage of housing around the globe, particularly in developed markets. Data centers, we've talked about at length. Has been a huge theme for us in real estate. It's really powered a number of our vehicles. And so I think we will find interesting places to deploy capital. And it's possible in office, on a selective basis, that you could find some interesting things, particularly higher-quality buildings and even retail around the grocery-anchored space as opposed to the enclosed malls.
So I think we're in the middle of a broad-based recovery in real estate. We're trying to capture that as much as possible. US, Europe, and Asia deploying capital. As we work through the cycle and values recover, you'll see a pickup in sales. And you can feel that happening now.

Operator

Dan Fannon, Jefferies.

Daniel Fannon

Thanks. Good morning. Several funds came off the holiday in the third quarter. Can you repeat the size of that AUM? And then also just given the elevated levels of deployment that have been going on and seem to be continuing, can you talk about what that means for some of the larger funds or fundraising into 2025?

Stephen Schwarzman

Sure. On the fee holiday side, I mentioned that sort of the main items on our new private equity corporate funds, global fund BCP. [Nine], our fourth energy transition fund, and then our SP infrastructure fund. Those were in partial or full holiday in the third quarter.
They'll all be in full fees in the fourth quarter. Just to quantify, it was sort of based on the fee holidays. Foregone fees from those on just those three funds of around 440 million or so on. So that maybe will help you with the math.

Jonathan Gray

Look, as it relates to the pipeline, what I would say is, institutional investors are certainly feeling better. The quality of the dialogue is getting better as equity markets have rallied, denominator effect looks a lot better today. I think the key thing will be, our DPI is picking up as we move into next year, as the IPO market gets better as we have more sales, that's that virtuous cycle of capital moving back to them, and them allocating more.
I would expect that we talked about in the remarks some of the things that are working their way through the system. Our next private equity Asia fund, our next life science fund, at some point next year, our next large private equity secondaries business, we've got the opportunistic credit business. And then we're continuing to clean up or finalize a number of these funds in energy transition, real estate credit, real estate Europe.
So it feels like we're going to be in a better fundraising environment. As everybody knows here, the last 2.5 years have not been easy remarkably as a firm. The last 12 months, we raised $167 billion. In a tougher period of time, it feels like it's going to be a better environment, but certainly more realizations working their way through the system will free up capacity from our big customers.

Operator

Brian Bedell, Deutsche Bank.

Brian Bedell

Great. Thanks. Good morning. Thanks for taking my questions. Maybe just to get back to the AI and the data center scheme. Just trying to connect the deployment opportunities, which are -- which obviously you described is pretty massive in this space. Just connecting that, trying to connect that with the supply of investment capital from fund raising.
So as you see that deployment come through, to what extent do you think the fundraising can keep up? Or to what extent will this team accelerate fundraising in say, over the next two years? Maybe just one example there would be the BREP. The BREP fund is 43% [committed] and your data centers are part of that. Could they be coming back to market given by the end of 2025 for the next vintage or is that too early?

Jonathan Gray

Well, it's an important question. What I would say on data centers is the fact that we have large-scale pools of capital that we've been able to deploy has been a huge competitive advantage.
So the ability to privatize [QTS], a $10 billion company at the time, which we've since grown eight-fold in lease capacity. We did that jointly with infrastructure and various BREIT and BPP. and real estate. The AirTrunk transaction, we just did a $16 billion deal. We were able, I think, to be in a very favorable competitive dynamic because we did it really on our own with one institutional partner.
And in that case, we had infrastructure, opportunistic real estate Asia, global -- our tactical opportunities area, our strategy for individual investors in private equity, we were able to bring all this capital together, and that's enabled us to do this at scale. Because it does require a lot of capital to both buy these companies and then have the firepower to build these out.
And so, I do think it is a meaningful area of deployment. Will it lead to an acceleration of fundraising in real estate? Let's say, opportunistic globally. I think it's too early to say, but it certainly has helped us. It's helped us in performance. It's been the lead driver in our infrastructure business. Michael talked about the 16% net since inception.
The biggest driver of that has been data centers. And it feels like we've got more momentum ahead for us in the US, Europe and Asia. So it's one of the most exciting areas. And I would say just more broadly, we're playing this sort of need for [compute power] AI, in electrification on a broad base. And so it's clearly the data centers, but it's also the energy and power.
And in that area, again, having infrastructure, having our energy credit funds, having our energy equity funds, that consortium and even some of them that's gone into real estate and then what we're doing in credit and other areas. So when you think about where alternative firms are positioned, particularly our firm, there's a huge need for capital in a few of these areas.
And we have what we think are the right vehicles to invest in it. I think it will lead to faster deployment and it should lead to higher returns as well. And that gives us a bunch of optimism.

Brian Bedell

Great. Thank you very much.

Operator

Brennan Hawken, UBS.

Brennan Hawken

Great. Good morning. Thanks for taking my questions. So rates declining, you spoke to that helping out many businesses on. But I was curious to hear how to think about the impact of lower base rates and tighter spreads on the credit business and maybe specifically, how should we think about the rate sensitvity of [FRPR] within credit?

Jonathan Gray

So what I'd say on credit is certainly, we've generated very favorable returns for customers, nearly 17% in private investment grade appreciation over the last year.
And some of that, of course, goes away as base rate comes down and spreads come down. But the real question I think for investors is, can they earn a premium to liquid fixed income? And when you look at liquid fixed income, where corporate triple Bs are paying a little over 100 over, I think we can produce a durable premium. I think we can do it shortly in non-investment grade.
If you look at all our BCRED product, it's delivered 700 basis points over a base rate since inception. So even as base rates come down and very attractive returns. And when you look in the investment grade space, as we talked about earlier, the idea that we can deliver 185 basis points over comparable single A-rated credit is also very encouraging.
So yes, there will be some pressure on absolute returns as spreads in base rates come down, but relative returns, that durable premium, I think will continue. And that's the reason why I think we will continue to see investors migrate towards private credit, both investment grade and non-investment grade.

Michael Chae

And Brian, I'd just add on your question on impact on [stimulus] forms revenues. I would actually -- in isolation talk about what's the effect of a decline in yields or an investment income?
Not necessarily base rates, as (inaudible) mentioned, but so 50 bps. Call it 50 basis points decline in yields or in investment income. Equates to pretty minimal impact, something like in the low-mid-single digits, around 3% or 4%. On sort of run rate fee-related performance revenues, that sort of the math, which you could probably derive yourself. But importantly, there are offsets -- these are underlevered vehicles.
These are not traded BDCs. Our cost of liabilities, even another lowly levered that also moves in tandem down. And so there will be offsest, I think, in terms of just what's the impact of our sequel of the movedown in base rates. Really becomes the question of where are we on yields and investment income.

Operator

Benjamin Budish, Barclays.

Benjamin Budish

Hi, good morning and thanks for taking the questions. I wanted to maybe ask another question on the FRE outlook for next year. Maybe thinking about the [comp] ratio in management fees versus realized performance revenues. I know in the past you've commented that you're not really looking to make a structural change like some of your peers or [ton].
But when we look back on across the last like three, four, five years, it does look like overall -- the overall fee-related cost pressures come down a little bit on the opposite on the performance side. And so just thinking through next year, I'm curious what your appetite is, particularly given if we do see a big pickup in performance revenues, it could be an opportune time given it would really smooth out the total cost picture for your employees?
I appreciate any thoughts there. Thank you.

Stephen Schwarzman

Sure, Benjamin. Look, we -- first of all, as you know, our comp model has multiple levers, and we look at them in an integrated way and feel like we've got a fair degree of control around them, and we want to optimize across them. So you've seen some of that movement, I would say in terms of the performance of revenue comp ratios relative to the fee comp ratios. And in certain businesses, we've had the ability from time to time, we've chosen to allocate more performance comp to certain professionals, and we manage the mix of incentives that way.
We haven't done the larger scale programmatic way, but it's a tool in our toolkit we can use along with others. So that is really how we think about it. We have these controls. There are multiple elements to the overall comp model. And I would just step back and say as we've -- I think though delivered on from a margin standpoint, comp ratio standpoint, we feel good about the path forward.

Benjamin Budish

Got it. Thank you very much.

Operator

Steven Chubak, Wolfe Research.

Steven Chubak

Good morning.

Stephen Schwarzman

Hi, good morning, Steven.

Steven Chubak

How are you? Wanted to ask a question on the FRE and net flow outlook. So certainly encouraging to seethe improved fundraising deployment activity in the quarter. One metric would short of expectations was at [Palm] growth. And that has reinforced at least some of the challenges of overcoming back book headwinds, which are running at about 10% of our [palm].
Just given the strong fundraising tailwinds you cited, was hoping you could speak to the FRE growth outlook just in the context of some of these back book pressures and how you're thinking about a sustainable organic net flow rate just as we refine some of our modeling assumptions for next year and beyond?

Michael Chae

I'll just start, Steven, on sort of the overall outlook. I mean, the overall outlook, longer term, certainly within 20, we talked about the fourth quarter surrounding FRE 2025. We don't give sort of granular guidance, and there isn't really an algorithm for it. But the building blocks that are in place for 2025 FRE growth. We are very optimistic about between base management fees, the sort of structural embedded upward plant, the full-year benefit of the flagship vehicles we backed away of this year, which we've talked about additional drawdown funds to be activated.
New raises underway, continued expansion and broadening of our perpetual strategies, including the XP significant momentum in credit insurance management fees up 18% year-to-date. On fee-related performance revenues, which you touched on the direct lending BDCs just steadily expanding earnings power. BREIT, sort of this -- bit of a sleeping giant in terms of the embedded incentive fee earnings power there, fee-related performance revenue earnings power. And then BXP, which I mentioned, continued scale.
And then in -- credit insurance is generally, year-to-date, FRE has been up 26%. So we think about the drivers, I think, less in terms of equations and more around across different building blocks and across the overall business. Really good, I think, near medium-term and longer-term momentum and path forward. So I would really frame it that way rather than sort of the net flow or kind of quarter-to-quarter sort of algorithm around that.

Steven Chubak

No, that's very helpful context. Thanks for taking my question.

Operator

Ken Worthington, J.P. Morgan.

Kenneth Worthington

Hi, good morning. Thanks for taking the question. So lots of areas and elements, a [complex set] of performing well and recovering. Secondaries continues to lag. We witnessed IRRs and [SP 9] and for three, SPA fell this quarter by a couple of percentage points. And returns in aggregate in secondaries for 2023 and '24 are well below your hurdle rates.
So help us understand why performance here continues to lag. Is the path forward to better results just a function of time? And if that's the case, when do we see it? Or is there really like a different bigger issue here?

Jonathan Gray

I would say we feel great about our secondaries business. We're today at $82 billion of AUM. If you look in our filings here and you look at the SP funds by their net return since inception, high-teens returns are higher in the flagship private equity vehicles. So we have extremely happy customers. In the near term, yes, that business will report on a lag of a couple of quarters.
So you're seeing what we're challenging of reports that come in the last few quarters. There's been modest growth in terms of appreciation there. But I would say, the overall sort of embedded discount in buying funds at attractive prices, particularly what we focus on, which is eight-year old funds on average. And being able to show up and we own today, I think interest in [$4,000] different funds to give a holistic solution to sellers, do it across real estate and private equity, in infrastructure, in credit. I think it puts us in a really unique spot.
So I would say near term, there's a little bit of a slowdown in performance. But when you look at this business, what we've done for the customers, they are very pleased with -- and I feel quite good as we go out to rates the next vintage.

Michael Chae

And I'll just add to that -- a couple of things. One, just to reframe what Jon said or reiterated, the investment front has been outstanding. And I think if you did a channel check, you would hear that. I think on the recent performance, just to add to what Jon said, I think there are two factors which are kind of the key elements to the mass in the short term of this secondaries fund returns. One is the immediate gains from buying new deals at a discount. That volume was lower.
As you know, last year and early this year, it's definitely accelerating now. That will help returns. And then in terms of the underlying performance of the funds themselves, Jon referenced this, the nature of secondary buyers is they tend to be more of mature funds. So yes, in the period of the last couple of years or so, and even more recently. the performance of some of these more mature funds across the industry naturally and during this recovery, lags.
And so that's being a sort of transmitted as well as opposed to say our latest, our latest core private equity fund with a younger portfolio and you see the performance that it's delivered in recent quarters. So those are really the two factors, they're structural, but they also have to do with structural in the context of where we are in the cycle. And overall SP has been through these cycles. Their investment performance delivery has been outstanding.

Kenneth Worthington

Great. We'll stay tuned. Thank you so much.

Operator

Bill Katz, TD Cowen.

William Katz

Okay. Thank you very much for the update and taking the question this morning. Maybe a big picture one on wealth management. I see you have a tremendous first mover advantage and a great brand. How do you sort of see the platform evolving here just in terms of impact of rising competition and maybe what you're seeing in terms of investor demand as interest rate expectations shift? Thank you.

Jonathan Gray

Thanks, Bill. Fair I would start with -- we definitely have a first mover advantage. The $250 billion speaks to our scale and it's much larger than others. It speaks to the fact that we started here earlier than others. And we built up incredible relationships with financial advisors as well as their underlying clients. And I think that's very important. We had a bunch of them in town the last couple weeks and goodwill towards the farm is extraordinary, particularly because of the performance, both of the drawdowns more regionally, of course, because of the perpetuals, how BREIT has delivered, how BCRED is delivered, how BXPE started.
This builds up a lot of goodwill with underlying customers. I'd also point out that if you look at our institutional investors, there are now 30%, 33% allocated to private in the $80 trillion-dollar well space. They're probably allocated 1% to 2%. It is early days here even earlier outside of the United States.
So if you said -- what do we see here? We see an enormous opportunity. With our existing sort of flagship products, we talked about going into infrastructure, another version of credit. I think you'll see us put more people on the ground around the world. We think the benefits of alternatives will continue to grow. We think these semi-liquid structures, which have -- reporting that's more timely in many cases, are more tax efficient.
They provide semi-liquidity as well. This works for advisers and their underlying customers. So I would say, yes, there will be more competitors moving into this space. But the overall market is very, very large. I feel like, given our brand, our reach will get shelf space, which is different, as you know, versus, let's say, traditional institutional private equity where there, you can have an unlimited number of participants.
In this world, it think it's smaller. A smaller number of groups will be able to play. Our first mover advantage, the performance we've delivered, the brand, all of that is super helpful in this context. And I would say one other thing, I just said about that's worth noting is as base rates come down, that makes investors' enthusiasm for these products go up.
When you are earning 6% in the money market fund, there wasn't much incentive to think about other things. As the Fed brings rates back at some point into the 3s, I think the attractiveness of trading some near-term liquidity for higher returns goes up.
So I think performance improving at a better environment, these products showing how they weathered the storm, and the the lack of return from short-term cash. I think all of that should grow and we would expect as we move forward, the momentum will accelerate in private wealth.
Thank you.

Operator

Crispin Love, Piper Sandler.

Crispin Love

Thanks. Good morning. Just a big-picture question here. So it's just from your seat. What are you seeing with regards to M&A and IPO activity in the IPO pipeline? And you see a scenario where there are less IPOs companies staying private longer.
And what could that mean for you? Are there both positive and negative implications there for Blackstone in this type of environment? Thank you.

Jonathan Gray

I'm a believer that the environment falling into place, both from more IPOs and more M&A. On the M&A front, in terms of the private side, certainly debt cost of capital coming down makes a huge difference. If you looked when we bought Emerson Electrics, Copeland business, we bought that -- we were struggling to get any debt capital cost 13%, 14%.
That made doing transactions very difficult. As debt cost of capital comes down, people can borrow more and it allows the private market to become much more robust. As stock prices go up, obviously, strategic acquirers become more active in M&A. On the IPO front, that's obviously been a laggard. We had two very slow years in '22 and '23. '24, you've watched the momentum build up.
And as I said on TV earlier, as the price of the public market goes up, it's like a magnet pulling private companies into the market. And so, I think you'll begin to see more. You've seen some sponsor IPOs coming out that have done quite well. Overall, I think IPOs in the US are up something like 30% from our IPO to today.
That will get people, investors more motivated to invest into IPOs. And when we just talked about what's happened in our firm, I walked into a meeting yesterday and we were talking about a potential IPO. And we've really gone from sort of this theoretical to the practical.
What's the right size? Should we do it in February or April? So my expectation is the IPO market, which is historically cyclical, will pick back up. The private market has grown. There may be companies that stay in continuation vehicles. So there will be some of that. But I think we will see a much better IPO market in 2025. And obviously for our business realizations, DPI. That's a very good thing.

Crispin Love

Thank you, John. Appreciate the color.

Operator

With no additional questions in queue, I would like to turn the call back over to Mr. Weston Tucker for any additional or closing remarks.

Weston Tucker

Great. Thank you, everyone, for joining us today, and we look forward to following up after the call. Have a great day.

Operator

Goodbye.